Figure 2From: Persistent directional cell migration requires ion transport proteins as direction sensors and membrane potential differences in order to maintain directednessGraphics showing the colocalization rate and relocation of proteins during electrotaxis. The colocalization rates of pNHE3/ß-actin and of NaKA/vinculin with and without EF exposure in cathode (Calvaria)- and anode (SaOS-2)-directed cells (A). The EF-induced relocation of pNHE3, NaKA, ß-actin, and of vinculin to or from the leading edge of a cell during cathode (Calvaria)- and anode (SaOS-2)-directed motility (B). Error bars represent the SEM for 16-31 cells from three separate experiments (*P < 0.05 compared to the control -wothout EF-).Back to article page