Table 4 MPs levels in the plasma and body fluids of patients with different disorders

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Ankylosing spondylitis

No differences between patient and control groups in EMPs and PMPs levels

Sari et al., 2012

Anti-phospholipid syndrome

Elevated MPs levels; TF⁺ EMPs, monocyte-derived MPs

Joseph et al., 2001; Dignat-George et al., 2004; Jy et al., 2007; Vikerfors et al., 2012

Arthritis

Elevated MPs levels

Berckmans et al., 2002; Boilard et al., 2010

Acute inflammatory bowel disease

Elevated MPs levels; elevated TF⁺ MPs

Andoh et al., 2005; Palkovits et al., 2012

Behcet’s disease (systemic vasculitis)

CD62⁺-MPs levels elevated

Macey et al., 2011

Cirrhosis

Elevated CD31⁺/41^-; CD11a⁺; CD4⁺; CD235a⁺; cytokeratin 18⁺ MPs

Rautou et al., 2012

Crohn’s disease

Elevated MPs levels comparing with normal and ulcerative colitis

Chamouard et al., 2005

Diabetes mellitus

Different patterns of MPs, PMPs na MMPs levels and also differences from diabetes type II pattern

Diamant et al., 2002; Sabatier et al., 2002; Shouzu et al., 2004; Ogata et al., 2005 Tramontano et al., 2010

Diabetic retinopathy

Increased vitreous shedding of MPs, endothelial,platelet, photoreceptor, and microglial origin

Ogata et al., 2005; 2006; Chahed et al., 2010

Diabetes type II (Diabetes mellitus)

Elevated MPs levels;

Nomura et al., 1995; Sabatier et al., 2002; Nomura et al., 2004b; Tan et al., 2005; Jung et al., 2009a; Koga et al., 2005; 2006; Leroyer et al., 2008; Nomura, 2009; Nomura et al. 2009; Bernard et al., 2009; Tsimerman et al., 2011; Nomura et al., 2011

AnnexinV++ MPs elevated

Kawasaki disease

Elevated MPs levels, especially EC and T-cells derived

Guiducci et al., 2011; Tan et al., 2012

Mixed connective tissue disease

Elevated PMPs levels

Oyabu et al., 2011

Multiple sclerosis

Elevated MPs and PMPs levels

Larkin, 2001; Minagar et al., 2001; Jy et al., 2004; Jimenez et al., 2005; Sheremata et al., 2006; 2008

Polymyositis/dermatomyositis

Elevated MPs and B-lymphocyte–derived MPs levels

Shirafuji et al., 2009; Baka et al., 2010

Psoriasis

Elevated PMPs levels

Tamagawa-Mineoka et al., 2010; Pelletier et al., 2011

Rheumatoid arthritis

Different patterns of MPs levels in plasma; increased PMPs expressing activating markers; increased MPs in synovial fluid; increased MPs exposing complement components (C1q, serum amyloid-P)

Joseph et al., 2001; Knijff-Dutmer et al., 2002; Berckmans et al., 2002; Biro et al., 2007; Sellam et al., 2009; Messer et al., 2009; Umekita et al., 2009; van Eijk et al., 2010

Sjorgen syndrome

Elevated MPs, PMPs, leukocyte-derived MPs levels

Sellam et al., 2009

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Elevated MPs levels; PMPs levels;

Combes et al., 1999; Joseph et al., 2001; Nagahama et al., 2001; Pereira et al., 2006; Sellam et al., 2009; Antwi-Baffour et al., 2010; Nielsen et al., 2011; 2012;

Elevated levels of Annexin V-negative MPs;

Elevated annexin V⁺ CD31⁺ EMPs; elevated levels of MPs with increased loads of IgG, IgM and C1q

Systemic sclerosis

Elevated MPs and PMPs levels

Guiducci et al., 2008; Nomura et al., 2008; Oyabu et al., 2011

Vasculitis

Elevated MPs levels

Brogan et al., 2004; Daniel et al., 2006; Erdbruegger et al., 2008

BLOOD DISORDERS

Aplastic anemia

Elevated procoagulant MPs

Hugel et al., 1999

Beta-thallasemia

Elevated MPs levels; elevated annexin V⁺ MPs from plathelets and red blood cells

Pattanapanyasat et al., 2004; 2007; Habib et al., 2008; Chaichompoo et al., 2012

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Elevated MPs

Rahman et al., 2011

Essential thrombocytemia

Elevated PMPs and EMPs levels

Trappenburg et al., 2009

Haemophilia

Elevated MPs levels

Proulle et al., 2005

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)

Elevated EMPs levels

Dursun et al., 2010

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Elevated MPs levels in acute phase and decreased in chronic phase; increased Er-Mps and PMPs levels

Jy, 1992;Tantawy et al., 2009; Sewify et al., 2013

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Elevated MPs and EMPs levels

Hugel et al., 1999; Liebman, Feinsten, 2003; Simak et al., 2004; Helley et al., 2010

Scott’s syndrome, Castaman syndrome, Glanzmann thromboasthenia (bleeding disorders)

MPs deficiency

Sims et al., 1989; Gemmel et al., 1993; Castaman et al., 1996; Toti et al., 1996

Sickle cell anemia

Elevated MPs levels; increased annexin V and PS-MPs levels, increased TF⁺-MPs; elevated Er-MPs

Shet et al., 2003; van Tits et al., 2009; van Beers et al., 2009; Gerotziafas et al., 2012

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Elevated MPs and PMPs levels

Galli et al., 1996; Jimenez et al., 2001

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Acute coronary syndrome

Elevated EMPs levels;

Bernal-Mizrahi et al., 2003; Biassuci et al., 2012

Elevated Annexin V⁺, EMPs and PMPs levels

Acute pulmonary embolism

PMPs elevated

Bal et al., 2010

Arterial erectile dysfunction

Elevated EMPs levels

La Vignera et al., 2012; Condorelli et al., 2012

Cardiomyopathy

Elevated MPs, MMPs levels; decreased endothelial MPs levels

Walenta et al., 2012

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Elevated Annexin V⁺-MPs

Fink et al., 2011

Cerebrovascular accidents

Elevated MPs levels; EMPs, PMPs elevated in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and acute cerebral infarction

Lee et al., 1993; Jung et al., 2009b; Lackner et al., 2010; Kuriyama et al., 2010

Chronic venous unsufficiency

Elevated EMPs and PMPs levels

Georgescu et al., 2009

Coronary artery disease

CD31⁺, Annexin V⁺ MPs increased

Werner et al., 2006; Amabile et al., 2011

Hypertension

Elevated eMPs

Preston et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2010

Myocardial infarction

Elevated MPs and PMPs levels

Stepien et al., 2012

Non-valvular atrial fibrillation

PMPs elevated

Choudhury et al., 2007

Pulmonary hypertension

Elevated CD62⁺ EMPs, leukocyte-derived MPs

Amabile et al., 2008, 2009; Bakouboula et al., 2008

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

Elevated MPs during exacerebration

Damige et al., 2010

Valvular atrial fibrillation

CD41⁺ PMPs elevated

Azzam, Zagloul, 2009

Vasculites associated with anti-neutrophil antibodies (Wegener’s granulomatosis; Churg-Strauss syndrome; microscopic polyangiitis)

PMPs, NMPs and EMPs elevated

Brogan et al., 2004; Daniel et al., 2006; Erdbruegger et al., 2008; Kuempers et al., 2008

Deep vein thrombosis

MPs levels are not increased

Steppich et al., 2011

Venous thromboembolism

Elevated EMPs

Chirinos et al., 2005

Unstable angina, Cardiovascular disease, arteriosclerosis obliterans, atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke

Elevated MPs and PMPs levels;

Singh N, 1995; Mallat et al., 2001; Nomura et al., 2004a; Dymicka-Piekarska et al., 2005; Zielinska et al., 2005; Morel et al., 2005; Simak et al., 2006; Michelsen et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2012

Elevated CD105⁺ (mesenchymal stem cell marker) after stroke, especially extensive ischemic stroke

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Hepatitis C

Elevated T-cell MPs levels correlated with severity of disease

Kornek et al., 2011, 2012

Hepatitis C with cirrhosis

Elevated MPs levels comparing with HepC; elevated MPs from CD4+ and CD8⁺ T-cells

Brodsky et al., 2008

HIV

Elevated MPs and EMPs levels; upregulation TF and P-selectin

Gris et al., 1996; Holme et al., 1998; Corrales-Medina et al., 2010; da Silva et al., 2011; Mayne et al., 2011

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection)

Elevated PMPs and MMPs levels

Stahl et al., 2009; 2011

Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections

Elevated MPs levels, Er-MPs levels

Combes, 2004; 2005; Campos et al., 2010; Pankoui Mfonkeu et al., 2010; Nantakomol et al., 2011

Sepsis (menningococcal)

Elevated procoagulant MPs levels

Niewland et al., 2000

Sepsis (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Elevated PS⁺-MPs levels

Oehmcke et al., 2011

Sepsis (pneumococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus-associated)

Elevated endothelial protein C-receptor⁺-MPs

Perez-Casal et al., 2011

Sepsis and trauma

Different patterns of MPs levels

Joop et al., 2001; Ogura et al., 2001; Fujimi et al., 2003; Morel et al., 2008; Mostefai et al., 2008; Park et al., 2012

Sepsis (Candida albicans)

Elevated CD42a⁺ and PAC1⁺ PMPs

Woth et al., 2012

Shiga-toxin induced haemolytic

Elevated MPs (platelets, monocytes, granulocytes)

Ge et al., 2012

uraemic syndrome (HUS)

Systemic Inflammatory Response syndrome (SIRS)

Elevated MPs levels

Ogura et al., 2004

FEMALE DISORDERS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Elevated pMPs levels in women with PCOS and hyperandrogenemia

Koiou et al., 2011; 2013

Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

Different patterns of MPs levels compared with normal pregnancies; endothelial CD41^- MPs elevated; CD62⁺ MPs elevated; MMPs and CD8⁺ and granulocyte-derived MPs elevated

VanWijk et al., 2002; Goswami et al., 2006; Lok et al., 2008; 2009; Macey et al., 2010; Reyna-Villasmil et al., 2011; Alijotas-Reig et al., 2012

Pathological pregnancies

PMPs levels decreased comparing with normal pregnancies

Bretelle et al., 2003; Carp et al., 2004

Postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy

Elevated MPs from platelets/megakaryocytes (CD61⁺)

Rank et al., 2012

KIDNEY DISORDERS

Chronic renal failure

CD144⁺ and CD146⁺ EMPs elevated

Amabile et al., 2005; Faure et al., 2006

Different nephropathies (nephrosclerosis; lupus nephropathy; diabetic nephropathy)

MPs levels are not changed

Daniel et al., 2006

Hemodyalisis

Elevated MPs

Daniel et al., 2006

Nephrotic syndrome

Lactahedrin⁺ ErMPs, PMPs and EMPs elevated

Gao et al., 2012

Uremia with or w/o dialysis

Elevated MPs, EMPs levels

Nomura et al., 1993; Merino et al., 2010

TRANSPLANTATION

GVHD disease (allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation)

Elevated MPs, PMPs levels;

Pihusch et al., 2002; Nomura et al., 2005; 2008; Trummer et al., 2011; Rank et al., 2011; De Rop et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2012

Elevated PSGL-1 MPs levels

Elevated Er-MPs levels

Elevated EMPs levels; decreased EMPs in early phase after allo-HSCT

Kidney transplantation

Procoagulant MPs decreased

Al-Massarani et al., 2009

Liver transplantation

Elevated MPs levels

Brodsky et al., 2008

OTHER

Acute liver injury

Elevated CD39⁺ MPs levels

Schmelzle et al., 2012

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Elevated Leu and NeuMPs levels

Guervilly et al., 2011

Alzheimer’s disease

Elevated EMPs

Xue et al., 2012

Atopic dermatitis

Elevated PMPs levels

Tamagawa-Mineoka et al., 2009

Cystic fibrosis

Elevated levels of granulocyte MPs in sputum (CD11a⁺ and CD66b⁺)

Porro et al., 2010

Fabry disease

Elevated CD63⁺ MPs

Gelderman et al., 2007; Vedder et al., 2009

Metabolic syndrome

Different patterns of MPs levels :

Arteaga et al., 2006; Chironi et al., 2006; Agouni et al., 2008; Ueba et al., 2008; Helal et al., 2010

Elevated EMPs, PMPs, leukocyte-derived MPs and Er-MPs levels

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

PMPs elevated

Maruyama et al., 2012

Polymyalgia rheumatica

CD31⁺/CD42^- EMPs elevated

Pirro et al., 2011

Schizophrenia

MPs elevated in cerebrospinal liquid

Mobarrez et al., 2013