Figure 4

Membrane phospholipid perturbation patterns in Jurkat T lymphoblasts after unipolar and bipolar pulse exposure. (a) FM1-43 fluorescence increase appears only at the anode (bottom) pole of the cell after 4, 30 ns, 2.5 MV/m pulses. (b) Bipolar pulses (50, 15 ns, 2.8 MV/m) produce phospholipid rearrangement and PS externalization at both electrode-facing poles of the cell. (c) Cellular fluorescence intensity profile 10 s after bipolar pulse exposure. The frequency of pulse delivery was 10 Hz. Each bipolar pulse was delivered as a pair of pulses, first negative, then positive, each 15 ns wide. Total energy delivered for the unipolar and bipolar pulses was approximately the same, and no poration is observed by conventional methods at these pulse exposure levels.