Table 1 Reported phosphorylation sites of connexins, responsible kinases and the effect on gap junctions

PKA

Cx32

Ser233

increased GJIC

[18, 36, 37]

Cx35/36

Ser110, Ser276

reduced GJIC

[38–41]

increased GJIC

Cx40

n/a

increased GJIC

[42, 43]

Cx43

serines 364, 365, 368, 369, 373

rapid GJ assembly, increased GJIC

[7, 27–34]

Cx50

Ser395

increased GJIC

[35]

AKT (PKB)

Cx43

Ser373

increased GJ size and GJIC

[44]

Cx50

n/a

increased GJIC

[45]

PKC

Cx43

serines 365, 368, 369, 372, 373

decreased GJ assembly, decreased GJIC, reduced half-life of Cx43, in ischemic hearts decreased coupling by Ser368 phosphorylation (56) or de-phosphorylation (55)

[7, 18, 46–56]

Cx32

Ser233

n/a

[18, 37, 57]

Cx56 chicken homologue of Cx46

Ser118

decreased GJIC

[11, 18, 58]

PKG

Cx35/36

Ser110, Ser276, Ser289

decreased GJIC

[59]

CaMKII

Cx43

serines 244, 255, 257, 296, 297, 306, 314, 325, 328, 330, 364, 365, 369, 372, 373

de-phosphorylation of Ser306 during ischemia reduced GJIC (62)

[60–63]

Cx32

n/a

n/a

[37]

Cx36

n/a

increased GJIC

[64–66]

Cx45

Ser326, Thr337, serines 381, 382, 384, 385, 387, 393

n/a

[67]

CK1

Cx43

serines 325, 328, 330

increased GJ assembly

[26]

Cx45

serines 326, 382, 384, 387, 393

n/a

[67]

Cdk5

Cx43

Ser279, Ser282

phosphorylation prevents membrane targeting, promotes proteasome dependent degradation

[69]

P34cdc2

Cx43

Ser255, Ser262

GJ internalization

[70, 71]

MAPK

Cx43

serines 255, 262, 279, 282

GJ internalization, decreased GJIC

[54, 70, 72–75]

Cx50

n/a

n/a

[76]

Src

Cx43

Tyr 247, 265

reduced GJIC

[77–79]

EGFR tyrosine kinase

Cx32

Tyr 243

n/a

[82]