Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by cancer status defined at the end of the follow up period. All the serum markers are dichotomized using standard clinical cut-offs
From: Metabolic profiles to predict long-term cancer and mortality: the use of latent class analysis
|  | Total N = 13,615 (100%) | No Cancer N = 11,659 (85.63%) | Cancer N = 1,956 (14.37%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
 Mean (SD) | 51.91 (14.80) | 50.86 (15.00) | 58.14 (11.75) |
 Under 40 | 2951 (21.67) | 2841 (24.37) | 110 (5.62) |
 40–50 | 3550 (26.07) | 3148 (27.00) | 402 (20.55) |
 50–60 | 3065 (22.51) | 2491 (21.37) | 574 (29.35) |
 Above 60 | 4049 (29.74) | 3179 (27.27) | 870 (44.48) |
Sex | |||
 Female | 7588 (55.73) | 6636 (56.92) | 952 (48.67) |
 Male | 6027 (44.27) | 5023 (43.08) | 1004 (51.33) |
Socio-economics Status | |||
 High | 6493 (47.69) | 5416 (46.45) | 1077 (55.06) |
 Low | 5007 (36.78) | 4368 (37.46) | 639 (32.67) |
 Not employed or missing | 2115 (15.53) | 1875 (16.08) | 240 (12.27) |
Educational Status | |||
 High | 4313 (33.42) | 3688 (33.40) | 625 (33.57) |
 Middle | 5495 (42.58) | 4725 (42.79) | 770 (41.35) |
 Low | 3097 (24.00) | 2630 (23.82) | 467 (25.08) |
 Missing b | 710 (5.21) | 616 (5.28) | 94 (4.80) |
CCI | |||
 0 | 12258 (90.03) | 10520 (90.23) | 1738 (88.85) |
 1 | 963 (7.07) | 807 (6.92) | 156 (7.98) |
 2 | 221 (1.62) | 188 (1.61) | 33 (1.69) |
 3+ | 173 (1.27) | 144 (1.24) | 29 (1.48) |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 5.82 (1.17) | 5.79 (1.18) | 6.00 (1.13) |
  < 6.50 | 9774 (71.79) | 8453 (72.50) | 1321 (67.54) |
  ≥ 6.50 | 3841 (28.21) | 3206 (27.50) | 635 (32.46) |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 1.44 (1.00) | 1.43 (1.00) | 1.48 (0.93) |
  < 1.71 | 10128 (74.39) | 8716 (74.76) | 1412 (72.19) |
  ≥ 1.71 | 3487 (25.61) | 2943 (25.24) | 544 (27.81) |
Apolipoprotein A-1 (g/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 1.44 (0.23) | 1.44 (0.23) | 1.43 (0.23) |
  < 1.05 | 328 (2.41) | 278 (2.38) | 50 (2.56) |
  ≥ 1.05 | 13287 (97.59) | 11381 (97.62) | 1906 (97.44) |
Apolipoprotein B (g/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 1.22 (0.35) | 1.22 (0.35) | 1.29 (0.34) |
  < 1.50 | 10902 (80.07) | 9431 (80.89) | 1471 (75.20) |
  ≥ 1.50 | 2713 (19.93) | 2228 (19.11) | 485 (24.80) |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 1.54 (0.43) | 1.54 (0.43) | 1.52 (0.43) |
  < 1.03 | 1457 (10.70) | 1231 (10.56) | 226 (11.55) |
  ≥ 1.03 | 12158 (89.30) | 10428 (89.44) | 1730 (88.45) |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 3.64 (1.06) | 3.61 (1.06) | 3.82 (1.04) |
  < 4.10 | 9345 (68.64) | 8128 (69.71) | 1217 (62.22) |
  ≥ 4.10 | 4270 (31.36) | 3531 (30.29) | 739 (37.78) |
Glucose (mmol/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 5.22 (1.53) | 5.21 (1.53) | 5.30 (1.53) |
  < 6.11 | 12223 (89.78) | 10488 (89.96) | 1735 (88.70) |
  ≥ 6.11 | 1392 (10.22) | 1171 (10.04) | 221 (11.30) |
Fructosamine (mmol/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 2.09 (0.27) | 2.08 (0.27) | 2.10 (0.25) |
  < 2.6 | 13184 (96.83) | 11291 (96.84) | 1893 (96.78) |
  ≥ 2.6 | 431 (3.17) | 368 (3.16) | 63 (3.22) |
GGT (IU/L) d | |||
 Mean(SD) | 33.21 (48.12) | 32.74 (48.09) | 36.03 (48.21) |
 Normal (< 18) | 5511 (40.48) | 4827 (41.40) | 684 (34.97) |
 Normal high (18–36) | 4983 (36.60) | 4236 (36.33) | 747 (38.19) |
 Elevated (36–72) | 2098 (15.41) | 1750 (15.01) | 348 (17.79) |
 Highly elevated (> 72) | 1023 (7.51) | 846 (7.26) | 177 (9.05) |
AST (IU/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 22.84 (19.23) | 22.70 (19.60) | 23.64 (16.88) |
  < 45 | 13155 (96.62) | 11271 (96.67) | 1884 (96.32) |
  ≥ 45 | 460 (3.38) | 388 (3.33) | 72 (3.68) |
ALT (IU/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 29.02 (34.35) | 28.95 (35.73) | 29.41 (24.54) |
  < 50 | 12296 (90.31) | 10546 (90.45) | 1750 (89.47) |
  ≥ 50 | 1319 (9.69) | 1113 (9.55) | 206 (10.53) |
Albumin (g/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 43.05 (2.82) | 43.13 (2.83) | 42.58 (2.72) |
  < 35 | 28 (0.21) | 23 (0.20) | 5 (0.26) |
  > 35 | 13587 (99.79) | 11636 (99.80) | 1951 (99.74) |
Leukocytes (109 cells/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 6.52 (1.97) | 6.49 (1.96) | 6.65 (2.01) |
  < 10 | 12956 (95.16) | 11106 (95.26) | 1850 (94.58) |
  ≥ 10 | 659 (4.84) | 553 (4.74) | 106 (5.42) |
C-Reactive Protein (mg/L) | |||
 Mean(SD) | 5.86 (15.14) | 5.82 (14.25) | 6.16 (19.58) |
  < 10 | 11858 (87.1) | 10193 (87.43) | 1665 (85.12) |
 10–15 | 1196 (8.78) | 993 (8.52) | 203 (10.38) |
 15–25 | 265 (1.95) | 223 (1.91) | 42 (2.15) |
 25–50 | 200 (1.47) | 167 (1.43) | 33 (1.69) |
  > 50 | 96 (0.71) | 223 (0.71) | 13 (0.66) |
Iron (μmol/L) d | |||
 Mean(SD) | 18.13 (5.80) | 18.13 (5.83) | 18.11 (5.59) |
 Low | 636 (4.67) | 540 (4.63) | 96 (4.91) |
 Normal | 12512 (91.90) | 10715 (91.90) | 1797 (91.87) |
 High | 467 (3.43) | 404 (3.47) | 63 (3.22) |
TIBC (mg/dL) d | |||
 Mean(SD) | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.31 (0.11) | 0.31 (0.10) |
 Low | 4067 (29.87) | 3494 (29.97) | 573 (29.29) |
 Normal | 6650 (48.84) | 5683 (48.74) | 967 (49.44) |
 High | 2898 (21.29) | 2482 (21.29) | 416 (21.27) |
Creatinine (μmol/L) d | |||
 Mean(SD) | 79.65 (16.16) | 79.38 (16.37) | 81.26 (14.74) |
 Low | 40 (0.29) | 31 (0.27) | 9 (0.46) |
 Normal | 12088 (88.78) | 10392 (89.13) | 1696 (86.71) |
 High | 1487 (10.92) | 1236 (10.60) | 251 (12.83) |
Phosphate (mmol/L) d | |||
 Mean(SD) | 1.07 (0.17) | 1.07 (0.17) | 1.05 (0.17) |
 Low | 95 (0.70) | 76 (0.65) | 19 (0.97) |
 Normal | 12796 (93.98) | 10948 (93.90) | 1848 (94.48) |
 High | 724 (5.32) | 635 (5.45) | 89 (4.55) |
Calcium (mmol/L) d | |||
 Mean(SD) | 2.38 (0.09) | 2.38 (0.09) | 2.38 (0.10) |
 Low | 191 (1.40) | 167 (1.43) | 24 (1.23) |
 Normal | 13195 (96.92) | 11300 (96.92) | 1895 (96.88) |
 High | 229 (1.68) | 192 (1.65) | 37 (1.89) |
Log (triglycerides/HDL) c | |||
 mean(SD) | (−)0.19 (0.81) | (−)0.20 (0.82) | (−)0.14 (0.80) |
  < 0.5 | 11197 (82.24) | 9618 (82.49) | 1579 (80.73) |
  ≥ 0.5 | 2418 (17.76) | 2041 (17.51) | 377 (19.27) |
ApoB/ApoA-I c | |||
 mean(SD) | 0.87 (0.29) | 0.87 (0.29) | 0.92 (0.30) |
  < 1.00 | 9584 (70.39) | 8347 (71.59) | 1237 (63.24) |
  ≥ 1.00 | 4031 (29.61) | 3312 (28.41) | 719 (36.76) |
Life Status | |||
 Alive | 10457 (76.80) | 9385 (80.50) | 1072 (54.81) |
 Death | 3158 (23.20) | 2274 (19.50) | 884 (45.19) |
 Cancer | 1956 (14.90) | 11659 (0.00) | 1956 (100.00) |