Table 2 Sperm quality parameters

Control group (n = 10)

ELEF-exposed group (n = 10)

Cauda epididymal sperm number (×  10⁶/epididymis)

182.00 ± 0.58

191.00 ± 0.85

Total motility (%)

74.52 ± 0.97^*

83.42 ± 0.67^*

Progressive (%)

24.85 ± 1.2^*

34.08 ± 0.75^*

Non-progressive (%)

49.67 ± 0.21

49.34 ± 0.48

 VCL (μm/s)

83.57 ± 1.42^*

127.73 ± 1.38^*

 VSL (μm/s)

42.13 ± 1.1^*

62.28 ± 1.54^*

 VAP (μm/s)

52.07 ± 1.42^*

80.21 ± 1.08^*

 LIN (%)

54.94 ± 2.32^*

71.05 ± 1.42^*

 STR (%)

73.08 ± 1.44^*

90.50 ± 1.85^*

 WOB (%)

63.24 ± 1.14

61.22 ± 1.07

 ALH (μM)

4.17 ± 0.1^*

9.29 ± 0.14^*

 BCF (Hz)

21.02 ± 1.28^*

29.27 ± 1.18^*

 Viability (%)

70.58 ± 1.25^*

81.42 ± 1.98^*

 Normal morphology (%)

89.76 ± 1.12

93.25 ± 1.54

 Sperm with head defect (%)

4.23 ± 0.46

3.2 ± 0.37

 Sperm with tail defect (%)

6.01 ± 0.52^*

3.55 ± 0.12^*