Fig. 4

MvKinesin-2, MvKinesin-9A, and MvKinesin-9B have distinct roles in ciliogenesis and motility. a Untreated microspores during the final stages of spermatogenesis, visualized at 11 h. 1-Shedding of exine and thinning of intine around the microspore. 2-Release of 32 spermatogenous cells from each microspore in groups of 16 cells. 3-Motile spermatozoids emerge. b Cartoon representing spermatozoid swimming patterns. c MvKinesin-2 knockdowns visualized at 11 h. Thinning of the exine wall is normal, but cells emerge from the microspore as individuals. Spermatozoids have multiple sets of coils with attached cilia and are called Monster. d In a minority of MvKinesin-2 knockdowns spermatozoids appear to have longer cilia compared to controls and are called Rapunzel. MvKinesin-2 knockdowns quiver or roll (Monster) and swim in place (Rapunzel). e MvKinesin-9A knockdowns visualized at 11 h. Spermatozoids emerge and appear normal. MvKinesin-9A knockdowns pitch and yaw in place. f The microspore cell wall thins and spermatozoids emerge normally at 16 h of development in MvKinesin-9B knockdowns. Development and emergence is slowed relative to controls, and this phenocopy is termed Late Bloomer. Controls/MvKinesin-9B knockdowns roll in place and rapidly swim directionally