Fig. 5

Verapamil: Inhibition of TXNIP attenuates ceramide-induced TXNIP expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. HUVECs were incubated with 20 μM verapamil for 2 h, followed by 20 μM ceramide for 12 h. Effects of verapamil on ceramide-induced pyroptosis-related proteins: NLRP3 (B); TXNIP (C); GSDMD (D); GSDMD-NT (E); Caspase-1 (F); Casp1 p20 (G). Values were reported as the mean ± standard deviation in (A–G) (n = 3). The expression of β-actin was used as an internal control. ^*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs control group. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.001 vs ceramide treatment group