Cannon B, Nedergaard J: Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004, 84 (1): 277-359.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B: Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 293 (2): E444-E452.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cousin B, Cinti S, Morroni M, Raimbault S, Ricquier D, Penicaud L, Casteilla L: Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: molecular and morphological characterization. J Cell Sci. 1992, 103 (Pt 4): 931-942.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Himms-Hagen J, Cui J, Danforth E, Taatjes DJ, Lang SS, Waters BL, Claus TH: Effect of CL-316,243, a thermogenic beta 3-agonist, on energy balance and brown and white adipose tissues in rats. Am J Physiol. 1994, 266 (4 Pt 2): R1371-R1382.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B: Three years with adult human brown adipose tissue. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010, 1212: E20-E36.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oberkofler H, Dallinger G, Liu YM, Hell E, Krempler F, Patsch W: Uncoupling protein gene: quantification of expression levels in adipose tissues of obese and non-obese humans. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38 (10): 2125-2133.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang X, Enerback S, Smith U: Reduced expression of FOXC2 and brown adipogenic genes in human subjects with insulin resistance. Obes Res. 2003, 11 (10): 1182-1191.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Semple RK, Crowley VC, Sewter CP, Laudes M, Christodoulides C, Considine RV, Vidal-Puig A, O’Rahilly S: Expression of the thermogenic nuclear hormone receptor coactivator PGC-1alpha is reduced in the adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28 (1): 176-179.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chambon P: A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. Faseb J. 1996, 10 (9): 940-954.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evans TR, Kaye SB: Retinoids: present role and future potential. Br J Cancer. 1999, 80 (1–2): 1-8.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petkovich M, Brand NJ, Krust A, Chambon P: A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. Nature. 1987, 330 (6147): 444-450.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giguere V, Ong ES, Segui P, Evans RM: Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid. Nature. 1987, 330 (6149): 624-629.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaw N, Elholm M, Noy N: Retinoic acid is a high affinity selective ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278 (43): 41589-41592.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhou XE, Suino-Powell KM, Xu Y, Chan CW, Tanabe O, Kruse SW, Reynolds R, Engel JD, Xu HE: The orphan nuclear receptor TR4 is a vitamin A-activated nuclear receptor. J Biol Chem. 2011, 286 (4): 2877-2885.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kruse SW, Suino-Powell K, Zhou XE, Kretschman JE, Reynolds R, Vonrhein C, Xu Y, Wang L, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ: Identification of COUP-TFII orphan nuclear receptor as a retinoic acid-activated receptor. PLoS Biol. 2008, 6 (9): e227-
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berry DC, Noy N: All-trans-retinoic acid represses obesity and insulin resistance by activating both peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor beta/delta and retinoic acid receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 2009, 29 (12): 3286-3296.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonet ML, Oliver J, Pico C, Felipe F, Ribot J, Cinti S, Palou A: Opposite effects of feeding a vitamin A-deficient diet and retinoic acid treatment on brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), UCP2 and leptin expression. J Endocrinol. 2000, 166 (3): 511-517.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bastien J, Rochette-Egly C: Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes. Gene. 2004, 328: 1-16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schwarz EJ, Reginato MJ, Shao D, Krakow SL, Lazar MA: Retinoic acid blocks adipogenesis by inhibiting C/EBPbeta-mediated transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1997, 17 (3): 1552-1561.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xue JC, Schwarz EJ, Chawla A, Lazar MA: Distinct stages in adipogenesis revealed by retinoid inhibition of differentiation after induction of PPARgamma. Mol Cell Biol. 1996, 16 (4): 1567-1575.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berry DC, DeSantis D, Soltanian H, Croniger CM, Noy N: Retinoic acid upregulates preadipocyte genes to block adipogenesis and suppress diet-induced obesity. Diabetes. 2012, 61 (5): 1112-1121.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Safonova I, Reichert U, Shroot B, Ailhaud G, Grimaldi P: Fatty acids and retinoids act synergistically on adipose cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994, 204 (2): 498-504.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marchildon F, St-Louis C, Akter R, Roodman V, Wiper-Bergeron NL: Transcription factor Smad3 is required for the inhibition of adipogenesis by retinoic acid. J Biol Chem. 2010, 285 (17): 13274-13284.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alvarez R, de Andres J, Yubero P, Vinas O, Mampel T, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Villarroya F: A novel regulatory pathway of brown fat thermogenesis. Retinoic acid is a transcriptional activator of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270 (10): 5666-5673.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rabelo R, Reyes C, Schifman A, Silva JE: A complex retinoic acid response element in the uncoupling protein gene defines a novel role for retinoids in thermogenesis. Endocrinology. 1996, 137 (8): 3488-3496.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sears IB, MacGinnitie MA, Kovacs LG, Graves RA: Differentiation-dependent expression of the brown adipocyte uncoupling protein gene: regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Mol Cell Biol. 1996, 16 (7): 3410-3419.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
del Mar Gonzalez-Barroso M, Pecqueur C, Gelly C, Sanchis D, Alves-Guerra MC, Bouillaud F, Ricquier D, Cassard-Doulcier AM: Transcriptional activation of the human ucp1 gene in a rodent cell line. Synergism of retinoids, isoproterenol, and thiazolidinedione is mediated by a multipartite response element. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275 (41): 31722-31732.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Puigserver P, Vazquez F, Bonet ML, Pico C, Palou A: In vitro and in vivo induction of brown adipocyte uncoupling protein (thermogenin) by retinoic acid. Biochem J. 1996, 317 (Pt 3): 827-833.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Teruel T, Hernandez R, Benito M, Lorenzo M: Rosiglitazone and retinoic acid induce uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner in fetal primary brown adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278 (1): 263-269.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mercader J, Madsen L, Felipe F, Palou A, Kristiansen K, Bonet ML: All-trans retinoic acid increases oxidative metabolism in mature adipocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2007, 20 (6): 1061-1072.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mercader J, Palou A, Bonet ML: Induction of uncoupling protein-1 in mouse embryonic fibroblast-derived adipocytes by retinoic acid. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010, 18 (4): 655-662.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mercader J, Ribot J, Murano I, Felipe F, Cinti S, Bonet ML, Palou A: Remodeling of white adipose tissue after retinoic acid administration in mice. Endocrinology. 2006, 147 (11): 5325-5332.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de The H, Marchio A, Tiollais P, Dejean A: Differential expression and ligand regulation of the retinoic acid receptor alpha and beta genes. Embo J. 1989, 8 (2): 429-433.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin CA, Ziegler LM, Napoli JL: Retinoic acid, dibutyryl-cAMP, and differentiation affect the expression of retinoic acid receptors in F9 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87 (12): 4804-4808.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hansen JB, Jorgensen C, Petersen RK, Hallenborg P, De Matteis R, Boye HA, Petrovic N, Enerback S, Nedergaard J, Cinti S: Retinoblastoma protein functions as a molecular switch determining white versus brown adipocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101 (12): 4112-4117.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reznikoff CA, Brankow DW, Heidelberger C: Establishment and characterization of a cloned line of C3H mouse embryo cells sensitive to postconfluence inhibition of division. Cancer Res. 1973, 33 (12): 3231-3238.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charton J, Deprez-Poulain R, Hennuyer N, Tailleux A, Staels B, Deprez B: Novel non-carboxylic acid retinoids: 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-one derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009, 19 (2): 489-492.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schug TT, Berry DC, Shaw NS, Travis SN, Noy N: Opposing effects of retinoic acid on cell growth result from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors. Cell. 2007, 129 (4): 723-733.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang YX, Lee CH, Tiep S, Yu RT, Ham J, Kang H, Evans RM: Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity. Cell. 2003, 113 (2): 159-170.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pan D, Fujimoto M, Lopes A, Wang YX: Twist-1 is a PPARdelta-inducible, negative-feedback regulator of PGC-1alpha in brown fat metabolism. Cell. 2009, 137 (1): 73-86.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vosper H, Patel L, Graham TL, Khoudoli GA, Hill A, Macphee CH, Pinto I, Smith SA, Suckling KE, Wolf CR: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta promotes lipid accumulation in human macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276 (47): 44258-44265.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Puigserver P, Wu Z, Park CW, Graves R, Wright M, Spiegelman BM: A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell. 1998, 92 (6): 829-839.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uldry M, Yang W, St-Pierre J, Lin J, Seale P, Spiegelman BM: Complementary action of the PGC-1 coactivators in mitochondrial biogenesis and brown fat differentiation. Cell Metab. 2006, 3 (5): 333-341.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wabitsch M, Brenner RE, Melzner I, Braun M, Moller P, Heinze E, Debatin KM, Hauner H: Characterization of a human preadipocyte cell strain with high capacity for adipose differentiation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25 (1): 8-15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rodriguez AM, Pisani D, Dechesne CA, Turc-Carel C, Kurzenne JY, Wdziekonski B, Villageois A, Bagnis C, Breittmayer JP, Groux H:Transplantation of a multipotent cell population from human adipose tissue induces dystrophin expression in the immunocompetent mdx mouse. J Exp Med. 2005, 201 (9): 1397-1405.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zaragosi LE, Ailhaud G, Dani C: Autocrine fibroblast growth factor 2 signaling is critical for self-renewal of human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cells. 2006, 24 (11): 2412-2419.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Villarroya F, Giralt M, Iglesias R: Retinoids and adipose tissues: metabolism, cell differentiation and gene expression. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23 (1): 1-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonet ML, Ribot J, Palou A: Lipid metabolism in mammalian tissues and its control by retinoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012, 1821 (1): 177-189.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ribot J, Felipe F, Bonet ML, Palou A: Retinoic acid administration and vitamin A status modulate retinoid X receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor alpha levels in mouse brown adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004, 266 (1–2): 25-30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kumar MV, Scarpace PJ: Differential effects of retinoic acid on uncoupling protein-1 and leptin gene expression. J Endocrinol. 1998, 157 (2): 237-243.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larose M, Cassard-Doulcier AM, Fleury C, Serra F, Champigny O, Bouillaud F, Ricquier D: Essential cis-acting elements in rat uncoupling protein gene are in an enhancer containing a complex retinoic acid response domain. J Biol Chem. 1996, 271 (49): 31533-31542.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alvarez R, Checa M, Brun S, Vinas O, Mampel T, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Villarroya F: Both retinoic-acid-receptor- and retinoid-X-receptor-dependent signalling pathways mediate the induction of the brown-adipose-tissue-uncoupling-protein-1 gene by retinoids. Biochem J. 2000, 345 (Pt 1): 91-97.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernandez A, de Mena RM, Martin E, Obregon MJ: Differences in the response of UCP1 mRNA to hormonal stimulation between rat and mouse primary cultures of brown adipocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2011, 28 (5): 969-980.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lehr L, Canola K, Leger B, Giacobino JP: Differentiation and characterization in primary culture of white adipose tissue brown adipocyte-like cells. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009, 33 (6): 680-686.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Berry DC, Noy N: Signaling by vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in regulation of insulin responses and lipid homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012, 1821 (1): 168-176.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murholm M, Dixen K, Qvortrup K, Hansen LH, Amri EZ, Madsen L, Barbatelli G, Quistorff B, Hansen JB: Dynamic regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription during mouse brown fat cell differentiation and recruitment. PLoS One. 2009, 4 (12): e8458-
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murholm M, Dixen K, Hansen JB: Ras signalling regulates differentiation and UCP1 expression in models of brown adipogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010, 1800 (6): 619-627.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Elabd C, Chiellini C, Carmona M, Galitzky J, Cochet O, Petersen R, Penicaud L, Kristiansen K, Bouloumie A, Casteilla L: Human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into functional brown adipocytes. Stem cells. 2009, 27 (11): 2753-2760.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pisani DF, Djedaini M, Beranger GE, Elabd C, Scheideler M, Ailhaud G, Amri EZ: Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into “Brite” (brown-in-white) adipocytes. Frontiers Endocrinol. 2011, 2: 87-
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bordicchia M, Liu D, Amri EZ, Ailhaud G, Dessi-Fulgheri P, Zhang C, Takahashi N, Sarzani R, Collins S: Cardiac natriuretic peptides act via p38 MAPK to induce the brown fat thermogenic program in mouse and human adipocytes. J Clin Investig. 2012, 122 (3): 1022-1036.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tews D, Fischer-Posovszky P, Fromme T, Klingenspor M, Fischer J, Ruther U, Marienfeld R, Barth T, Moller P, Debatin K: FTO deficiency induces UCP-1 expression and mitochondrial uncoupling in adipocytes. Endocrinology. 2013, 154 (9): 3141-3151.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tiraby C, Tavernier G, Lefort C, Larrouy D, Bouillaud F, Ricquier D, Langin D: Acquirement of brown fat cell features by human white adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278 (35): 33370-33376.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Green HKO: Sublines of mouse 3T3 cells that accumulate lipid. Cell. 1974, 1: 113-116.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hansen JB, Petersen RK, Larsen BM, Bartkova J, Alsner J, Kristiansen K: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma bypasses the function of the retinoblastoma protein in adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274 (4): 2386-2393.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar